@article {41,
	title = {Brazil Should Facilitate Research Permits},
	journal = {Conservation Biology},
	volume = {23},
	number = {5},
	year = {2009},
	note = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01300.x},
	pages = {1068-1069},
	isbn = {1523-1739},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01300.x},
	author = {Antonelli, Alexandre and Victor Rodriguez}
}
@article {42,
	title = {Tracing the impact of the Andean uplift on Neotropical plant evolution},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	volume = {106},
	number = {24},
	year = {2009},
	month = {June 16, 2009},
	pages = {9749-9754},
	abstract = {Recent phylogenetic studies have revealed the major role played by the uplift of the Andes in the extraordinary diversification of the Neotropical flora. These studies, however, have typically considered the Andean uplift as a single, time-limited event fostering the evolution of highland elements. This contrasts with geological reconstructions indicating that the uplift occurred in discrete periods from west to east and that it affected different regions at different times. We introduce an approach for integrating Andean tectonics with biogeographic reconstructions of Neotropical plants, using the coffee family (Rubiaceae) as a model group. The distribution of this family spans highland and montane habitats as well as tropical lowlands of Central and South America, thus offering a unique opportunity to study the influence of the Andean uplift on the entire Neotropical flora. Our results suggest that the Rubiaceae originated in the Paleotropics and used the boreotropical connection to reach South America. The biogeographic patterns found corroborate the existence of a long-lasting dispersal barrier between the Northern and Central Andes, the "Western Andean Portal". The uplift of the Eastern Cordillera ended this barrier, allowing dispersal of boreotropical lineages to the South, but gave rise to a huge wetland system ("Lake Pebas") in western Amazonia that prevented in situ speciation and floristic dispersal between the Andes and Amazonia for at least 6 million years. Here, we provide evidence of these events in plants.},
	url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/106/24/9749.abstract},
	author = {Antonelli, Alexandre and Nylander, Johan A. A. and Persson, Claes and Sanmart{\'\i}n, Isabel}
}
@article {43,
	title = {Have giant lobelias evolved several times independently? Life form shifts and historical biogeography of the cosmopolitan and highly diverse subfamily Lobelioideae (Campanulaceae)},
	journal = {Bmc Biology},
	volume = {7},
	number = {1},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {82},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND:The tendency of animals and plants to independently develop similar features under similar evolutionary pressures - convergence - is a widespread phenomenon in nature. In plants, convergence has been suggested to explain the striking similarity in life form between the giant lobelioids (Campanulaceae, the bellflower family) of Africa and the Hawaiian Islands. Under this assumption these plants would have developed the giant habit from herbaceous ancestors independently, in much the same way as has been suggested for the giant senecios of Africa and the silversword alliance of Hawaii.RESULTS:Phylogenetic analyses based on plastid (rbcL, trnL-F) and nuclear (internal transcribed spacer [ITS]) DNA sequences for 101 species in subfamily Lobelioideae demonstrate that the large lobelioids from eastern Africa the Hawaiian Islands, and also South America, French Polynesia and southeast Asia, form a strongly supported monophyletic group. Ancestral state reconstructions of life form and distribution, taking into account phylogenetic uncertainty, indicate their descent from a woody ancestor that was probably confined to Africa. Molecular dating analyses using Penalized Likelihood and Bayesian relaxed clock approaches, and combining multiple calibration points, estimate their first diversification at ~25-33 million years ago (Ma), shortly followed by several long-distance dispersal events that resulted in the current pantropical distribution.CONCLUSION:These results confidently show that lobelioid species, commonly called {\textquoteright}giant{\textquoteright}, are very closely related and have not developed their giant form from herbaceous ancestors independently. This study, which includes the hitherto largest taxon sampling for subfamily Lobelioideae, highlights the need for a broad phylogenetic framework for testing assumptions about morphological development in general, and convergent evolution in particular.},
	isbn = {1741-7007},
	url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/7/82},
	author = {Antonelli, Alexandre}
}
