00429nas a2200121 4500008004100000245005900041210005800100300001200158490000700170100002500177700001900202856008600221 2011 eng d00aWhy are there so many plant species in the Neotropics?0 aWhy are there so many plant species in the Neotropics a403-4140 v601 aAntonelli, Alexandre1 aSanmartín, I. uhttps://nnb.myspecies.info/content/why-are-there-so-many-plant-species-neotropics02376nas a2200145 4500008004100000245020200041210006900243260002000312300001200332490000700344520176800351100002502119700002302144856006302167 2011 eng d00aMass Extinction, Gradual Cooling, or Rapid Radiation? Reconstructing the Spatiotemporal Evolution of the Ancient Angiosperm Genus Hedyosmum (Chloranthaceae) Using Empirical and Simulated Approaches0 aMass Extinction Gradual Cooling or Rapid Radiation Reconstructin cOctober 1, 2011 a596-6150 v603 aChloranthaceae is a small family of flowering plants (65 species) with an extensive fossil record extending back to the Early Cretaceous. Within Chloranthaceae, Hedyosmum is remarkable because of its disjunct distribution–1 species in the Paleotropics and 44 confined to the Neotropics–and a long "temporal gap" between its stem age (Early Cretaceous) and the beginning of the extant radiation (late Cenozoic). Is this gap real, reflecting low diversification and a recent radiation, or the signature of extinction? Here we use paleontological data, relaxed-clock molecular dating, diversification analyses, and parametric ancestral area reconstruction to investigate the timing, tempo, and mode of diversification in Hedyosmum. Our results, based on analyses of plastid and nuclear sequences for 40 species, suggest that the ancestor of Chloranthaceae and the Hedyosmum stem lineages were widespread in the Holarctic in the Late Cretaceous. High extinction rates, possibly associated with Cenozoic climatic fluctuations, may have been responsible for the low extant diversity of the family. Crown group Hedyosmum originated c. 36–43 Ma and colonized South America from the north during the Early-Middle Miocene (c. 20 Ma). This coincided with an increase in diversification rates, probably triggered by the uplift of the Northern Andes from the Mid-Miocene onward. This study illustrates the advantages of combining paleontological, phylogenetic, and biogeographic data to reconstruct the spatiotemporal evolution of an ancient lineage, for which the extant diversity is only a remnant of past radiations. It also shows the difficulties of inferring patterns of lineage diversification when incomplete taxon sampling is combined with high extinction rates.1 aAntonelli, Alexandre1 aSanmartín, Isabel uhttp://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/60/5/596.abstract02479nas a2200157 4500008004100000245010200041210006900143300001400212490000700226520195800233100001702191700002502208700002202233700001902255856004702274 2011 eng d00aRevisiting taxonomy, morphological evolution, and fossil calibration strategies in Chloranthaceae0 aRevisiting taxonomy morphological evolution and fossil calibrati a315–3290 v493 aChloranthaceae is one of the earliest diverging angiosperm families and is comprised of approximately 75 species in four genera (Chloranthus, Sarcandra, Ascarina, and Hedyosmum). This family has received considerable attention because of its seemingly primitive morphology, disjunct tropical distribution in Asia and America, and extensive fossil record from the Early Cretaceous. In the present study, we reconstructed the phylogeny of Chloranthaceae based on a combined dataset of three plastid DNA regions and 56 species. We then estimated divergence times in the family using two relaxed molecular clock methods (BEAST and penalized likelihood). We focused on testing the influence of fossil taxa in calibrating the molecular phylogeny, and on assessing the current taxonomy of the family in light of the phylogenetic results. Our results indicate that most intrageneric divisions within Ascarina and Hedyosmum are not monophyletic. The results from the dating analysis suggest that the Hedyosmum-like fossil Asteropollis represents a stem lineage of Hedyosmum, as has been suggested previously from morphological analyses. In contrast, our results indicate that the Chloranthus-like fossil Chloranthistemon, previously suggested on morphological grounds to be a stem relative of Chloranthus, may, instead, belong to the branch leading to the clade Chloranthus+Sarcandra. The median crown ages of Chloranthus, Sarcandra, Ascarina, and Hedyosmum estimated in the BEAST analysis were 26.3, 9.5, 31.0 and 45.8 million years ago (Ma), respectively, whereas the divergence between Chloranthus and Sarcandra, the splitting of Ascarina with the former two genera, and Hedyosmum separating from the three genera were estimated to 63.8, 95.7 and 111.1 Ma. The present study sheds further light on the temporal evolution of Chloranthaceae and exemplifies how molecular dating analyses may be used to explore alternative phylogenetic placements of fossil taxa.1 aZhang, Qiang1 aAntonelli, Alexandre1 aFeild, Taylor, S.1 aKong, Hong-Zhi uhttp://www.jse.ac.cn/Abstract.aspx?id=282700486nas a2200133 4500008004100000245012100041210006900162300001300231490000700244100001600251700001900267700001600286856005000302 2011 eng d00aDiversification in the Andes: Age and origins of South American Heliotropium lineages (Heliotropiaceae, Boraginales)0 aDiversification in the Andes Age and origins of South American H a90–1020 v611 aLuebert, F.1 aHilger, H., H.1 aWeigend, M. uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.06.00100554nas a2200157 4500008004100000245010500041210006900146300001200215490000700227100001600234700001600250700001200266700001600278700001900294856008300313 2011 eng d00aPhylogenetic relationships and morphological diversity in Neotropical Heliotropium (Heliotropiaceae)0 aPhylogenetic relationships and morphological diversity in Neotro a663-6800 v601 aLuebert, F.1 aBrokamp, G.1 aWen, J.1 aWeigend, M.1 aHilger, H., H. uhttp://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iapt/tax/2011/00000060/00000003/art0000400691nas a2200169 4500008004100000245017100041210006900212300001200281490000700293100002200300700003100322700001700353700002300370700002100393700002200414856008500436 2011 eng d00aUnderestimated endemic species diversity in the dry inter-Andean valley of the Río Marañón, northern Peru: An example from Mimosa (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae)0 aUnderestimated endemic species diversity in the dry interAndean a139-1500 v601 aSärkinen, T., E.1 aMarcelo-Peña, José, Luis1 aYomona, Daza1 aSimon, Marcelo, F.1 aPennington, Toby1 aHughes, Colin, E. u- http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iapt/tax/2011/00000060/00000001/art0001201858nas a2200241 4500008004100000020001400041245013600055210006900191300001200260490000700272520110400279100002201383700001901405700002001424700001301444700002001457700001901477700002301496700001401519700002201533700002301555856003801578 2007 eng d a1055-790300aRecent oceanic long-distance dispersal and divergence in the amphi-Atlantic rain forest genus Renealmia L.f. (Zingiberaceae)0 aRecent oceanic longdistance dispersal and divergence in the amph a968-9800 v443 aRenealmia L.f. (Zingiberaceae) is one of the few tropical plant genera with numerous species in both Africa and South America but not in Asia. Based on phylogenetic analysis of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and chloroplast trnL-F DNA, Rellealmia is shown to be monophyletic with high branch support. Low sequence divergence found in the two genome regions (ITS: 0-2.4%; trnL-F: 0-1.9%) suggests recent diversification within the genus. Molecular divergence age estimates give further support to the recent origin of the genus and show that Renealmia has attained its amphi-Atlantic distribution by an oceanic long-distance dispersal event from Africa to South America during the Miocene or Pliocene (15.8-2.7 My ago). Some support is found for the hypothesis that speciation in neotropical Renealmia was influenced by the Andean orogeny. Speciation has been approximately simultaneous on both sides of the Atlantic, but increased taxon sampling is required to compare the speciation rates between the New World and Old World tropics. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.1 aSärkinen, T., E.1 aNewman, M., F.1 aMaas, P., J. M.1 aMaas, H.1 aPoulsen, A., D.1 aHarris, D., J.1 aRichardson, J., E.1 aClark, A.1 aHollingsworth, M.1 aPennington, R., T. u://WOS:00024984540000400483nas a2200109 4500008004100000245008600041210006900127490003000196100001800226700001900244856011000263 2011 eng d00aSystematics and biogeography of Amicia Kunth (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae)0 aSystematics and biogeography of iAmicia iKunth Leguminosae Papil0 vaccepted pending revision1 aSärkinen, T.1 aHughes, C., E. uhttps://nnb.myspecies.info/content/systematics-and-biogeography-iamicia-ikunth-leguminosae-papilionoideae00571nas a2200133 4500008004100000245010600041210006900147100001800216700001800234700001400252700002300266700001900289856012900308 2011 eng d00aEvolutionary islands in the Andes: persistence, isolation and endemism in Andean dry tropical forests0 aEvolutionary islands in the Andes persistence isolation and ende1 aSärkinen, T.1 aSimon, M., F.1 aLavin, M.1 aPennington, R., T.1 aHughes, C., E. uhttps://nnb.myspecies.info/content/evolutionary-islands-andes-persistence-isolation-and-endemism-andean-dry-tropical-forests00816nas a2200313 4500008004100000245003700041210003700078300001200115490000800127100001400135700002300149700001600172700002100188700001300209700001500222700001900237700002500256700002100281700002300302700001800325700001300343700001800356700002100374700001700395700001600412700001800428700001800446856003800464 2011 eng d00aOrigins of biodiversity response0 aOrigins of biodiversity response a399-4000 v3311 aHoorn, C.1 aWesselingh, F., P.1 aSteege, ter1 aBermudez, M., A.1 aMora, A.1 aSevink, J.1 aSanmartín, I.1 aSanchez-Meseguer, A.1 aAnderson, C., L.1 aFigueiredo, J., P.1 aJaramillo, C.1 aRiff, D.1 aNegri, F., R.1 aHooghiemstra, H.1 aLundberg, J.1 aStadler, T.1 aSärkinen, T.1 aAntonelli, A. u://WOS:00028663590002701659nas a2200181 4500008004100000245008700041210006900128300001600197490000800213520110400221100002301325700001401348700001801362700001801380700002201398700001901420856003801439 2010 eng d00aContrasting plant diversification histories within the Andean biodiversity hotspot0 aContrasting plant diversification histories within the Andean bi a13783-137870 v1073 aThe Andes are the most species-rich global biodiversity hotspot. Most research and conservation attention in the Andes has focused on biomes such as rain forest, cloud forest, and paramo, where much plant species diversity is the hypothesized result of rapid speciation associated with the recent Andean orogeny. In contrast to these mesic biomes, we present evidence for a different, older diversification history in seasonally dry tropical forests (SDTF) occupying rain-shadowed inter-Andean valleys. High DNA sequence divergence in Cyathostegia mathewsii, a shrub endemic to inter-Andean SDTF, indicates isolation for at least 5 million years of populations separated by only ca. 600 km of high cordillera in Peru. In conjunction with fossil evidence indicating the presence of SDTF in the Andes in the late Miocene, our data suggest that the disjunct small valley pockets of inter-Andean SDTF have persisted over millions of years. These forests are rich in endemic species but massively impacted, and merit better representation in future plans for science and conservation in Andean countries.1 aPennington, R., T.1 aLavin, M.1 aSärkinen, T.1 aLewis, G., P.1 aKlitgaard, B., B.1 aHughes, C., E. u://WOS:00028060590004301726nas a2200325 4500008004100000245009600041210006900137300001200206490000800218520080700226100001401033700002301047700001601070700002101086700001301107700001501120700001901135700002501154700002101179700002301200700001801223700001301241700001801254700002101272700001701293700001601310700001801326700001801344856003801362 2010 eng d00aAmazonia through time: Andean uplift, climate change, landscape evolution, and biodiversity0 aAmazonia through time Andean uplift climate change landscape evo a927-9310 v3303 aThe Amazonian rainforest is arguably the most species-rich terrestrial ecosystem in the world, yet the timing of the origin and evolutionary causes of this diversity are a matter of debate. We review the geologic and phylogenetic evidence from Amazonia and compare it with uplift records from the Andes. This uplift and its effect on regional climate fundamentally changed the Amazonian landscape by reconfiguring drainage patterns and creating a vast influx of sediments into the basin. On this "Andean" substrate, a region-wide edaphic mosaic developed that became extremely rich in species, particularly in Western Amazonia. We show that Andean uplift was crucial for the evolution of Amazonian landscapes and ecosystems, and that current biodiversity patterns are rooted deep in the pre-Quaternary.1 aHoorn, C.1 aWesselingh, F., P.1 aSteege, ter1 aBermudez, M., A.1 aMora, A.1 aSevink, J.1 aSanmartín, I.1 aSanchez-Meseguer, A.1 aAnderson, C., L.1 aFigueiredo, J., P.1 aJaramillo, C.1 aRiff, D.1 aNegri, F., R.1 aHooghiemstra, H.1 aLundberg, J.1 aStadler, T.1 aSärkinen, T.1 aAntonelli, A. u://WOS:00028411800003100544nas a2200157 4500008004100000245006100041210005400102260003600156300001200192100001500204700001900219700002300238700001900261700001800280856008800298 2010 eng d00aPhylogeny and dating of Aframomum (Zingiberaceae)0 aPhylogeny and dating of iAframomum iZingiberaceae aAarhusbAarhus University Press a287-3051 aAuvrey, G.1 aHarris, D., J.1 aRichardson, J., D.1 aNewman, M., F.1 aSärkinen, T. uhttps://nnb.myspecies.info/content/phylogeny-and-dating-iaframomum-izingiberaceae-000542nas a2200157 4500008004100000245006100041210005400102260003600156300001200192100001500204700001900219700002300238700001900261700001800280856008600298 2010 eng d00aPhylogeny and dating of Aframomum (Zingiberaceae)0 aPhylogeny and dating of iAframomum iZingiberaceae aAarhusbAarhus University Press a287-3051 aAuvrey, G.1 aHarris, D., J.1 aRichardson, J., D.1 aNewman, M., F.1 aSärkinen, T. uhttps://nnb.myspecies.info/content/phylogeny-and-dating-iaframomum-izingiberaceae00726nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001300041245011900054210006900173300001400242490000700256100001700263700002300280700001700303700001700320700002200337700002300359700001800382856013200400 2009 eng d a1055790300aPhylogenetic analysis of Fosterella L.B. Sm. (Pitcairnioideae, Bromeliaceae) based on four chloroplast DNA regions0 aPhylogenetic analysis of Fosterella LB Sm Pitcairnioideae Bromel a472–4850 v511 aRex, Martina1 aSchulte, Katharina1 aZizka, Georg1 aPeters, Jule1 aVásquez, Roberto1 aIbisch, Pierre, L.1 aWeising, Kurt uhttps://nnb.myspecies.info/content/phylogenetic-analysis-fosterella-lb-sm-pitcairnioideae-bromeliaceae-based-four-chloroplast-d00585nas a2200169 4500008004100000245007200041210006900113300001400182490000700196100001700203700002200220700002000242700001600262700001800278700002300296856009600319 2008 eng d00aTowards a taxonomic revision of the genus Fosterella (Bromeliaceae)0 aTowards a taxonomic revision of the genus Fosterella Bromeliacea a182–1940 v291 aPeters, Jule1 aVásquez, Roberto1 aOsinaga, Arturo1 aLeme, Elton1 aWeising, Kurt1 aIbisch, Pierre, L. uhttps://nnb.myspecies.info/content/towards-taxonomic-revision-genus-fosterella-bromeliaceae00735nas a2200181 4500008004100000022001400041245017900055210006900234300001100303490000800314100001700322700001200339700001800351700001600369700001800385700001800403856013200421 2008 eng d a0378-269700aInferring the diversification of the epiphytic fern genus Serpocaulon (Polypodiaceae) in South America using chloroplast sequences and amplified fragment length polymorphisms0 aInferring the diversification of the epiphytic fern genus Serpoc a1–160 v2741 aKreier, H.-P1 aRex, M.1 aWeising, Kurt1 aKessler, M.1 aSmith, A., R.1 aSchneider, H. uhttps://nnb.myspecies.info/content/inferring-diversification-epiphytic-fern-genus-serpocaulon-polypodiaceae-south-america-using00728nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001400041245011700055210006900172300001300241490000700254100001700261700002100278700002300299700001700322700002200339700002300361700001800384856013200402 2007 eng d a1480-332100aAFLP analysis of genetic relationships in the genus Fosterella L.B. Smith (Pitcairnioideae, Bromeliaceae)0 aAFLP analysis of genetic relationships in the genus iFosterellai a90–1050 v501 aRex, Martina1 aPatzolt, Kerstin1 aSchulte, Katharina1 aZizka, Georg1 aVásquez, Roberto1 aIbisch, Pierre, L.1 aWeising, Kurt uhttps://nnb.myspecies.info/content/aflp-analysis-genetic-relationships-genus-ifosterellai-lb-smith-pitcairnioideae-bromeliaceae00934nas a2200301 4500008004100000245009500041210006900136300001400205490000600219100002500225700001600250700001800266700002300284700002800307700002100335700002100356700001600377700002000393700001800413700001500431700001800446700002000464700002700484700002400511700001600535700002600551856005500577 2010 eng d00aOrganizing specimen and tissue preservation in the field for subsequent molecular analyses0 aOrganizing specimen and tissue preservation in the field for sub a129–1570 v81 aGemeinholzer, Birgit1 aRey, Isabel1 aWeising, Kurt1 aGrundmann, Michael1 aMuellner, Alexandra, N.1 aZetzsche, Holger1 aDroege, Gabriele1 aSeberg, Ole1 aPetersen, Gitte1 aRawson, David1 aWeigt, Lee1 aEymann, Jutta1 aDegreef, Jerome1 aHäuser, Christoph, L.1 aMonje, Juan, Carlos1 aSamyn, Yves1 aVandenSpiegel, Didier uhttp://www.abctaxa.be/volumes/volume-8-manual-atbi00465nas a2200133 4500008004100000245006900041210006600110300001400176490000700190100001600197700001600213700001900229856008300248 2010 eng d00aEpitypification of Heliotropium arborescens L. (Heliotropiaceae)0 aEpitypification of Heliotropium arborescens L Heliotropiaceae a1263-12660 v591 aLuebert, F.1 aWeigend, M.1 aHilger, H., H. uhttp://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iapt/tax/2010/00000059/00000004/art0002300471nas a2200121 4500008004100000245013100041210006900172300001200241490000700253100001600260700001200276856006100288 2008 eng d00aPhylogenetic analysis and evolutionary diversification of Heliotropium sect. Cochranea (Heliotropiaceae) in the Atacama Desert0 aPhylogenetic analysis and evolutionary diversification of Heliot a390-4020 v331 aLuebert, F.1 aWen, J. uhttp://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1600/03636440878457163500552nas a2200133 4500008004100000245016200041210006900203300001000272490000800282100001600290700001200306700001900318856008100337 2009 eng d00aSystematic placement and biogeographical relationships of the monotypic genera Gypothamnium and Oxyphyllum (Asteraceae: Mutisioideae) from the Atacama Desert0 aSystematic placement and biogeographical relationships of the mo a32-510 v1591 aLuebert, F.1 aWen, J.1 aDillon, M., O. uhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2008.00926.x/abstract00879nas a2200325 4500008004100000245003900041210003900080260002100119300001200140490000800152100001400160700002300174700001600197700002100213700001300234700001500247700001900262700002500281700002100306700002300327700001800350700001300368700001800381700002100399700001700420700001600437700001800453700002500471856005700496 2011 eng d00aOrigins of Biodiversity–Response0 aOrigins of Biodiversity–Response cJanuary 28, 2011 a399-4000 v3311 aHoorn, C.1 aWesselingh, F., P.1 aSteege, Ter1 aBermudez, M., A.1 aMora, A.1 aSevink, J.1 aSanmartín, I.1 aSanchez-Meseguer, A.1 aAnderson, C., L.1 aFigueiredo, J., P.1 aJaramillo, C.1 aRiff, D.1 aNegri, F., R.1 aHooghiemstra, H.1 aLundberg, J.1 aStadler, T.1 aSärkinen, T.1 aAntonelli, Alexandre uhttp://www.sciencemag.org/content/331/6016/399.short03145nas a2200301 4500008004100000020001400041245012700055210006900182260002900251300001200280490000700292520222800299653001102527653001602538653001702554653002002571653002802591653002102619653001502640653001502655653001302670653001502683100002202698700002502720700002602745700001702771856005502788 2011 eng d a1365-269900aVicariance or long-distance dispersal: historical biogeography of the pantropical subfamily Chrysophylloideae (Sapotaceae)0 aVicariance or longdistance dispersal historical biogeography of bBlackwell Publishing Ltd a177-1900 v383 aAbstract Aim Continental disjunctions in pantropical taxa have been explained by vicariance or long-distance dispersal. The relative importance of these explanations in shaping current distributions may vary, depending on historical backgrounds or biological characteristics of particular taxa. We aimed to determine the geographical origin of the pantropical subfamily Chrysophylloideae (Sapotaceae) and the roles vicariance and dispersal have played in shaping its modern distribution. Location Tropical areas of Africa, Australasia and South America. Methods We utilized a recently published, comprehensive data set including 66 species and nine molecular markers. Bayesian phylogenetic trees were generated and dated using five fossils and the penalized likelihood approach. Distributional ranges of nodes were estimated using maximum likelihood and parsimony analyses. In both biogeographical and molecular dating analyses, phylogenetic and branch length uncertainty was taken into account by averaging the results over 2000 trees extracted from the Bayesian stationary sample. Results Our results indicate that the earliest diversification of Chrysophylloideae was in the Campanian of Africa c. 73–83 Ma. A narrow time interval for colonization from Africa to the Neotropics (one to three dispersals) and Australasia (a single migration) indicates a relatively rapid radiation of this subfamily in the latest Cretaceous to the earliest Palaeocene (c. 62–72 Ma). A single dispersal event from the Neotropics back to Africa during the Neogene was inferred. Long-distance dispersal between Australia and New Caledonia occurred at least four times, and between Africa and Madagascar on multiple occasions. Main conclusions Long-distance dispersal has been the dominant mechanism for range expansion in the subfamily Chrysophylloideae. Vicariance could explain South American–Australian disjunction via Antarctica, but not the exchanges between Africa and South America and between New Caledonia and Australia, or the presence of the subfamily in Madagascar. We find low support for the hypothesis that the North Atlantic land bridge facilitated range expansions at the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary.10aAfrica10aAustralasia10aland bridges10aLate Cretaceous10along-distance dispersal10amolecular dating10aNeotropics10aSapotaceae10aTertiary10avicariance1 aBartish, Igor, V.1 aAntonelli, Alexandre1 aRichardson, James, E.1 aSwenson, Ulf uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02389.x02591nas a2200181 4500008004100000245007200041210006400113300001200177520198500189100002302174700001402197700002202211700002502233700001902258700001702277700002102294856009402315 2010 eng d00aOn the origin of Amazonian landscapes and biodiversity: a synthesis0 aorigin of Amazonian landscapes and biodiversity a synthesis a421-4313 aIn northern South America the Cenozoic was a period of intense tectonic and climatic interaction that resulted in a dynamic Amazonian landscape dominated by lowlands with local and shield-derived rivers. These drainage systems constantly changed shape and size. During the entire Cenozoic, the Brazilian and Guiana Shields were stable mountainous areas. Andean-derived river systems increased in importance especially in the Neogene. A remarkable feature in western Amazonian history is the waxing and waning of large lake systems and embayments. By the Late Miocene (about 11 Ma), the Andes were connected with the Atlantic through an incipient Amazon River, and from c. 7 Ma Andean-derived river systems became fully established in central and eastern Amazonia and the modern landscape configuration had developed. Rainforests already existed in northern South America during the Paleogene, but the modern rainforests – with resemblance to the Present forest – only developed during the Miocene. The western Amazonian Miocene record contains very diverse aquatic faunas (molluscs, ostracods, turtles, crocodiles, fishes) as well as terrestrial mammals. Remarkable gigantic forms thrived in Amazonian ecosystems at the time. Since the Late Miocene, edaphically heterogeneous lands emerged in western Amazonia in areas previously occupied by lake systems. At the same time nutrient-rich deposits spread over central and eastern Amazonia, an event that, based on molecular phylogenetic studies on extant taxa, coincided with diversification of terrestrial taxa. Molecular-based time estimates confirm the steady diversification and mostly pre-Quaternary origin of extant Amazonian taxa. A significant portion of the current species richness is attributed to a combination of relatively constant wet and warm climates and a heterogeneous edaphic substrate. The Quaternary was a time of distribution shifts, but can no longer be considered a time of diversification in Amazonia. 1 aWesselingh, F., P.1 aHoorn, C.1 aKroonenberg, S.B.1 aAntonelli, Alexandre1 aLundberg, J.G.1 aVonhof, H.B.1 aHooghiemstra, H. uhttps://nnb.myspecies.info/content/origin-amazonian-landscapes-and-biodiversity-synthesis01792nas a2200337 4500008004100000245009600041210006900137260002100206300001200227490000800239520080700247100001401054700002301068700001601091700002101107700001301128700001501141700001901156700002501175700002101200700002301221700001801244700001301262700001801275700002101293700001701314700001601331700001801347700002501365856006401390 2010 eng d00aAmazonia Through Time: Andean Uplift, Climate Change, Landscape Evolution, and Biodiversity0 aAmazonia Through Time Andean Uplift Climate Change Landscape Evo cNovember 12, 201 a927-9310 v3303 aThe Amazonian rainforest is arguably the most species-rich terrestrial ecosystem in the world, yet the timing of the origin and evolutionary causes of this diversity are a matter of debate. We review the geologic and phylogenetic evidence from Amazonia and compare it with uplift records from the Andes. This uplift and its effect on regional climate fundamentally changed the Amazonian landscape by reconfiguring drainage patterns and creating a vast influx of sediments into the basin. On this "Andean" substrate, a region-wide edaphic mosaic developed that became extremely rich in species, particularly in Western Amazonia. We show that Andean uplift was crucial for the evolution of Amazonian landscapes and ecosystems, and that current biodiversity patterns are rooted deep in the pre-Quaternary.1 aHoorn, C.1 aWesselingh, F., P.1 aSteege, ter1 aBermudez, M., A.1 aMora, A.1 aSevink, J.1 aSanmartín, I.1 aSanchez-Meseguer, A.1 aAnderson, C., L.1 aFigueiredo, J., P.1 aJaramillo, C.1 aRiff, D.1 aNegri, F., R.1 aHooghiemstra, H.1 aLundberg, J.1 aStadler, T.1 aSärkinen, T.1 aAntonelli, Alexandre uhttp://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/330/6006/92702855nas a2200157 4500008004100000020001400041245021900055210006900274300000800343490000700351520222400358100002302582700001702605700002502622856005002647 2010 eng d a1471-214800aReassessing the temporal evolution of orchids with new fossils and a Bayesian relaxed clock, with implications for the diversification of the rare South American genus Hoffmannseggella (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae)0 aReassessing the temporal evolution of orchids with new fossils a a1770 v103 aBACKGROUND:The temporal origin and diversification of orchids (family Orchidaceae) has been subject to intense debate in the last decade. The description of the first reliable fossil in 2007 enabled a direct calibration of the orchid phylogeny, but little attention has been paid to the potential influence of dating methodology in obtaining reliable age estimates. Moreover, two new orchid fossils described in 2009 have not yet been incorporated in a molecular dating analysis. Here we compare the ages of major orchid clades estimated under two widely used methods, a Bayesian relaxed clock implemented in BEAST and Penalized Likelihood implemented in r8s. We then perform a new family-level analysis by integrating all 3 available fossils and using BEAST. To evaluate how the newly estimated ages may influence the evolutionary interpretation of a species-level phylogeny, we assess divergence times for the South American genus Hoffmannseggella (subfam. Epidendroideae), for which we present an almost complete phylogeny (40 out of 41 species sampled). RESULTS:Our results provide additional support that all extant orchids shared a most recent common ancestor in the Late Cretaceous (~77 million years ago, Ma). However, we estimate the crown age of the five orchid subfamilies to be generally younger (~1-8 Ma) than previously calculated under the Penalized Likelihood algorithm and using a single internal fossil calibration. The crown age of Hoffmannseggella is estimated at ~11 Ma, some 3 Ma more recently than estimated under Penalized Likelihood. CONCLUSIONS:Contrary to recent suggestions that orchid diversification began in a period of global warming, our results place the onset of diversification of the largest orchid subfamilies (Orchidoideae and Epidendroideae) in a period of global cooling subsequent to the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum. The diversification of Hoffmannseggella appears even more correlated to late Tertiary climatic fluctuations than previously suggested. With the incorporation of new fossils in the orchid phylogeny and the use of a method that is arguably more adequate given the present data, our results represent the most up-to-date estimate of divergence times in orchids.1 aGustafsson, A.L.S.1 aVerola, C.F.1 aAntonelli, Alexandre uhttp://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/10/17702420nas a2200169 4500008004100000020001400041245013300055210006900188300001200257490000800269520183700277100002502114700001702139700001602156700002302172856005502195 2010 eng d a1095-831200aClimate cooling promoted the expansion and radiation of a threatened group of South American orchids (Epidendroideae: Laeliinae)0 aClimate cooling promoted the expansion and radiation of a threat a597-6070 v1003 aThe Brazilian Cerrado is the most species-rich tropical savanna in the world. Within this biome, the Campos Rupestres ('rocky savannas') constitute a poorly studied and highly threatened ecosystem. To better understand how plants characteristic of this vegetation have evolved and come to occupy the now widely-separated patches of rocky formations in eastern Brazil, we reconstruct the biogeographical history of the rare orchid genus Hoffmannseggella. We apply parsimony and Bayesian methods to infer the phylogenetic relationships among 40 out of the 41 described species. Absolute divergence times are calculated under penalized likelihood and compared with estimates from a Bayesian relaxed clock. Ancestral ranges are inferred for all nodes of the phylogeny using Fitch optimization and statistical dispersal vicariance analysis. In all analyses, phylogenetic uncertainty is taken into account by the independent analysis of a large tree sample. The results obtained indicate that Hoffmannseggella underwent rapid radiation around the Middle/Late Miocene (approximately 11201314†Mya). The region corresponding today to southern Minas Gerais acted as a main source area for several independent range expansions north- and eastwards via episodic corridors. These results provide independent evidence that climate cooling following the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum (approximately 15†Mya) led to important vegetational shifts in eastern Brazil, causing an increase in the dominance of open versus closed habitats. Polyploidy following secondary contact of previously isolated populations may have been responsible for the formation of many species, as demonstrated by the high ploidy levels reported in the genus.††© 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 100, 5972013607.1 aAntonelli, Alexandre1 aVerola, C.F.1 aParisod, C.1 aGustafsson, A.L.S. uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01438.x02540nas a2200169 4500008004100000245011700041210006900158300001200227520187300239100002502112700002802137700002102165700001802186700001802204700001602222856013202238 2010 eng d00aMolecular studies and phylogeography of Amazonian tetrapods and their relation to geological and climatic models0 aMolecular studies and phylogeography of Amazonian tetrapods and a386-4043 aExplaining the origins and evolution of Amazonian biodiversity continues to be an outstanding question in evolutionary biology. A plethora of mechanisms for promoting diversification has been proposed, generally invoking ecological and vicariance processes associated with major geological, hydrological and climatic events in the history of the Amazon drainage basin. Here, we review recent advances on this topic in the light of a rich new source of information: molecular phylogenetics and especially phylogeography. We present a comparison of phylogeographical studies covering over 50 clades of amphibians, birds, non-avian reptiles and mammals, focusing on studies where estimates of divergence times were explicitly calculated. We then discuss the congruence of the speciation patterns found in these studies with previous hypotheses of diversification. Based on the estimates of crown group ages, we conclude that a high proportion of present-day diversity is a result of Neogene diversification. The origin of most species clearly predates the Pleistocene by a considerable margin, refuting the long-held hypothesis that repeated expansion and contraction of lowland forests during Pleistocene climatic changes would be responsible for most of the Amazonian biodiversity. However, some evidence from phylogenetic and distributional patterns suggests that climate cycles did trigger speciation. Speciose lineages of tetrapods tend to be older than groups containing one to a few species, with a few notable exceptions. Considering each tetrapod group alone, amphibians and non-avian reptiles are generally older than birds, while mammals contain both recent and ancient clades of approximately the same number of species. Finally, we make recommendations about future research approaches and animal systems that deserve further attention from phylogeographers.1 aAntonelli, Alexandre1 aQuijada-Mascareñas, A.1 aCrawford, A., J.1 aBates, J., M.1 aVelazco, P.M.1 aWüster, W. uhttps://nnb.myspecies.info/content/molecular-studies-and-phylogeography-amazonian-tetrapods-and-their-relation-geological-and-c00404nas a2200133 4500008004100000020001400041245004600055210004600101300001400147490000700161100002500168700002200193856005500215 2009 eng d a1523-173900aBrazil Should Facilitate Research Permits0 aBrazil Should Facilitate Research Permits a1068-10690 v231 aAntonelli, Alexandre1 aRodriguez, Victor uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01300.x02093nas a2200169 4500008004100000245007500041210006900116260001800185300001400203490000800217520155100225100002501776700002701801700001901828700002301847856005301870 2009 eng d00aTracing the impact of the Andean uplift on Neotropical plant evolution0 aTracing the impact of the Andean uplift on Neotropical plant evo cJune 16, 2009 a9749-97540 v1063 aRecent phylogenetic studies have revealed the major role played by the uplift of the Andes in the extraordinary diversification of the Neotropical flora. These studies, however, have typically considered the Andean uplift as a single, time-limited event fostering the evolution of highland elements. This contrasts with geological reconstructions indicating that the uplift occurred in discrete periods from west to east and that it affected different regions at different times. We introduce an approach for integrating Andean tectonics with biogeographic reconstructions of Neotropical plants, using the coffee family (Rubiaceae) as a model group. The distribution of this family spans highland and montane habitats as well as tropical lowlands of Central and South America, thus offering a unique opportunity to study the influence of the Andean uplift on the entire Neotropical flora. Our results suggest that the Rubiaceae originated in the Paleotropics and used the boreotropical connection to reach South America. The biogeographic patterns found corroborate the existence of a long-lasting dispersal barrier between the Northern and Central Andes, the "Western Andean Portal". The uplift of the Eastern Cordillera ended this barrier, allowing dispersal of boreotropical lineages to the South, but gave rise to a huge wetland system ("Lake Pebas") in western Amazonia that prevented in situ speciation and floristic dispersal between the Andes and Amazonia for at least 6 million years. Here, we provide evidence of these events in plants.1 aAntonelli, Alexandre1 aNylander, Johan, A. A.1 aPersson, Claes1 aSanmartín, Isabel uhttp://www.pnas.org/content/106/24/9749.abstract02448nas a2200133 4500008004100000020001400041245018400055210006900239300000700308490000600315520192000321100002502241856004802266 2009 eng d a1741-700700aHave giant lobelias evolved several times independently? Life form shifts and historical biogeography of the cosmopolitan and highly diverse subfamily Lobelioideae (Campanulaceae)0 aHave giant lobelias evolved several times independently Life for a820 v73 aBACKGROUND:The tendency of animals and plants to independently develop similar features under similar evolutionary pressures - convergence - is a widespread phenomenon in nature. In plants, convergence has been suggested to explain the striking similarity in life form between the giant lobelioids (Campanulaceae, the bellflower family) of Africa and the Hawaiian Islands. Under this assumption these plants would have developed the giant habit from herbaceous ancestors independently, in much the same way as has been suggested for the giant senecios of Africa and the silversword alliance of Hawaii.RESULTS:Phylogenetic analyses based on plastid (rbcL, trnL-F) and nuclear (internal transcribed spacer [ITS]) DNA sequences for 101 species in subfamily Lobelioideae demonstrate that the large lobelioids from eastern Africa the Hawaiian Islands, and also South America, French Polynesia and southeast Asia, form a strongly supported monophyletic group. Ancestral state reconstructions of life form and distribution, taking into account phylogenetic uncertainty, indicate their descent from a woody ancestor that was probably confined to Africa. Molecular dating analyses using Penalized Likelihood and Bayesian relaxed clock approaches, and combining multiple calibration points, estimate their first diversification at ~25-33 million years ago (Ma), shortly followed by several long-distance dispersal events that resulted in the current pantropical distribution.CONCLUSION:These results confidently show that lobelioid species, commonly called 'giant', are very closely related and have not developed their giant form from herbaceous ancestors independently. This study, which includes the hitherto largest taxon sampling for subfamily Lobelioideae, highlights the need for a broad phylogenetic framework for testing assumptions about morphological development in general, and convergent evolution in particular.1 aAntonelli, Alexandre uhttp://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/7/8201753nas a2200229 4500008004100000245013000041210006900171300000900240490000700249520099400256653002301250653001801273653002001291653003101311653000901342653000901351653001201360653001601372653001101388100002501399856009901424 2008 eng d00aHigher level phylogeny and evolutionary trends in Campanulaceae subfam. Lobelioideae: Molecular signal overshadows morphology0 aHigher level phylogeny and evolutionary trends in Campanulaceae a1-180 v463 aRelationships within the subfamily Lobelioideae in Campanulaceae are inferred from DNA sequence variation in the rbcL and ndhF genes, and the trnL-F region including the trnL intron and the trnL-F intergenic spacer. Results derived from Bayesian and parsimony analyses provide evidence for the long-suspected paraphyly of the genus Lobelia, comprising over 400 species as presently circumscribed. The perennial dwarf herbs belonging to the Andean genus Lysipomia are sister to a group comprising the Neotropical shrubs Burmeistera, Centropogon, and Siphocampylus. Giant lobelioids from the Hawaiian Islands, Brazil, Africa, and Sri Lanka form a strongly supported group. Character optimizations on the phylogenetic tree reveal that shifts in fruit types and lignification have occurred much more commonly than generally assumed. The main clades in the subfamily are outlined, which largely contradict previous classifications based on morphology. © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.10aBayesian inference10aCampanulaceae10aFruit evolution10aLobelioideae (Lobeliaceae)10andhF10arbcL10aSH test10aSystematics10atrnL-F1 aAntonelli, Alexandre uhttp://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-37249069472&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 00681nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001400041245009500055210006900150300001200219490000800231653002600239100001900265700002700284700002000311700002000331700001800351700001800369856010000387 2011 eng d a0367-253000aPhysiological diversity and biogeography of vascular epiphytes at Río Changuinola, Panama0 aPhysiological diversity and biogeography of vascular epiphytes a a66 - 790 v20610aFloristic composition1 aWester, Stefan1 aMendieta-Leiva, Glenda1 aNauheimer, Lars1 aWanek, Wolfgang1 aKreft, Holger1 aZotz, Gerhard uhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B7GX0-5178VJS-1/2/8dc2de2078fe376c49fb71252ed0d933