00726nas a2200193   4500008004100000022001300041245011900054210006900173300001400242490000700256100001700263700002300280700001700303700001700320700002200337700002300359700001800382856013200400       2009                        eng d  a1055790300aPhylogenetic analysis of Fosterella L.B. Sm. (Pitcairnioideae, Bromeliaceae) based on four chloroplast DNA regions0 aPhylogenetic analysis of Fosterella LB Sm Pitcairnioideae Bromel  a472–4850 v511 aRex, Martina1 aSchulte, Katharina1 aZizka, Georg1 aPeters, Jule1 aVásquez, Roberto1 aIbisch, Pierre, L.1 aWeising, Kurt  uhttps://nnb.myspecies.info/content/phylogenetic-analysis-fosterella-lb-sm-pitcairnioideae-bromeliaceae-based-four-chloroplast-d00552nas a2200133   4500008004100000245016200041210006900203300001000272490000800282100001600290700001200306700001900318856008100337       2009                        eng d00aSystematic placement and biogeographical relationships of the monotypic genera Gypothamnium and Oxyphyllum (Asteraceae: Mutisioideae) from the Atacama Desert0 aSystematic placement and biogeographical relationships of the mo  a32-510 v1591 aLuebert, F.1 aWen, J.1 aDillon, M., O.  uhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2008.00926.x/abstract00404nas a2200133   4500008004100000020001400041245004600055210004600101300001400147490000700161100002500168700002200193856005500215       2009                        eng d  a1523-173900aBrazil Should Facilitate Research Permits0 aBrazil Should Facilitate Research Permits  a1068-10690 v231 aAntonelli, Alexandre1 aRodriguez, Victor  uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01300.x02093nas a2200169   4500008004100000245007500041210006900116260001800185300001400203490000800217520155100225100002501776700002701801700001901828700002301847856005301870       2009                        eng d00aTracing the impact of the Andean uplift on Neotropical plant evolution0 aTracing the impact of the Andean uplift on Neotropical plant evo  cJune 16, 2009  a9749-97540 v1063 aRecent phylogenetic studies have revealed the major role played by the uplift of the Andes in the extraordinary diversification of the Neotropical flora. These studies, however, have typically considered the Andean uplift as a single, time-limited event fostering the evolution of highland elements. This contrasts with geological reconstructions indicating that the uplift occurred in discrete periods from west to east and that it affected different regions at different times. We introduce an approach for integrating Andean tectonics with biogeographic reconstructions of Neotropical plants, using the coffee family (Rubiaceae) as a model group. The distribution of this family spans highland and montane habitats as well as tropical lowlands of Central and South America, thus offering a unique opportunity to study the influence of the Andean uplift on the entire Neotropical flora. Our results suggest that the Rubiaceae originated in the Paleotropics and used the boreotropical connection to reach South America. The biogeographic patterns found corroborate the existence of a long-lasting dispersal barrier between the Northern and Central Andes, the "Western Andean Portal". The uplift of the Eastern Cordillera ended this barrier, allowing dispersal of boreotropical lineages to the South, but gave rise to a huge wetland system ("Lake Pebas") in western Amazonia that prevented in situ speciation and floristic dispersal between the Andes and Amazonia for at least 6 million years. Here, we provide evidence of these events in plants.1 aAntonelli, Alexandre1 aNylander, Johan, A. A.1 aPersson, Claes1 aSanmartín, Isabel  uhttp://www.pnas.org/content/106/24/9749.abstract02448nas a2200133   4500008004100000020001400041245018400055210006900239300000700308490000600315520192000321100002502241856004802266       2009                        eng d  a1741-700700aHave giant lobelias evolved several times independently? Life form shifts and historical biogeography of the cosmopolitan and highly diverse subfamily Lobelioideae (Campanulaceae)0 aHave giant lobelias evolved several times independently Life for  a820 v73 aBACKGROUND:The tendency of animals and plants to independently develop similar features under similar evolutionary pressures - convergence - is a widespread phenomenon in nature. In plants, convergence has been suggested to explain the striking similarity in life form between the giant lobelioids (Campanulaceae, the bellflower family) of Africa and the Hawaiian Islands. Under this assumption these plants would have developed the giant habit from herbaceous ancestors independently, in much the same way as has been suggested for the giant senecios of Africa and the silversword alliance of Hawaii.RESULTS:Phylogenetic analyses based on plastid (rbcL, trnL-F) and nuclear (internal transcribed spacer [ITS]) DNA sequences for 101 species in subfamily Lobelioideae demonstrate that the large lobelioids from eastern Africa the Hawaiian Islands, and also South America, French Polynesia and southeast Asia, form a strongly supported monophyletic group. Ancestral state reconstructions of life form and distribution, taking into account phylogenetic uncertainty, indicate their descent from a woody ancestor that was probably confined to Africa. Molecular dating analyses using Penalized Likelihood and Bayesian relaxed clock approaches, and combining multiple calibration points, estimate their first diversification at ~25-33 million years ago (Ma), shortly followed by several long-distance dispersal events that resulted in the current pantropical distribution.CONCLUSION:These results confidently show that lobelioid species, commonly called 'giant', are very closely related and have not developed their giant form from herbaceous ancestors independently. This study, which includes the hitherto largest taxon sampling for subfamily Lobelioideae, highlights the need for a broad phylogenetic framework for testing assumptions about morphological development in general, and convergent evolution in particular.1 aAntonelli, Alexandre  uhttp://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/7/82