00429nas a2200121   4500008004100000245005900041210005800100300001200158490000700170100002500177700001900202856008600221       2011                        eng d00aWhy are there so many plant species in the Neotropics?0 aWhy are there so many plant species in the Neotropics  a403-4140 v601 aAntonelli, Alexandre1 aSanmartín, I.  uhttps://nnb.myspecies.info/content/why-are-there-so-many-plant-species-neotropics02376nas a2200145   4500008004100000245020200041210006900243260002000312300001200332490000700344520176800351100002502119700002302144856006302167       2011                        eng d00aMass Extinction, Gradual Cooling, or Rapid Radiation? Reconstructing the Spatiotemporal Evolution of the Ancient Angiosperm Genus Hedyosmum (Chloranthaceae) Using Empirical and Simulated Approaches0 aMass Extinction Gradual Cooling or Rapid Radiation Reconstructin  cOctober 1, 2011  a596-6150 v603 aChloranthaceae is a small family of flowering plants (65 species) with an extensive fossil record extending back to the Early Cretaceous. Within Chloranthaceae, Hedyosmum is remarkable because of its disjunct distribution–1 species in the Paleotropics and 44 confined to the Neotropics–and a long "temporal gap" between its stem age (Early Cretaceous) and the beginning of the extant radiation (late Cenozoic). Is this gap real, reflecting low diversification and a recent radiation, or the signature of extinction? Here we use paleontological data, relaxed-clock molecular dating, diversification analyses, and parametric ancestral area reconstruction to investigate the timing, tempo, and mode of diversification in Hedyosmum. Our results, based on analyses of plastid and nuclear sequences for 40 species, suggest that the ancestor of Chloranthaceae and the Hedyosmum stem lineages were widespread in the Holarctic in the Late Cretaceous. High extinction rates, possibly associated with Cenozoic climatic fluctuations, may have been responsible for the low extant diversity of the family. Crown group Hedyosmum originated c. 36–43 Ma and colonized South America from the north during the Early-Middle Miocene (c. 20 Ma). This coincided with an increase in diversification rates, probably triggered by the uplift of the Northern Andes from the Mid-Miocene onward. This study illustrates the advantages of combining paleontological, phylogenetic, and biogeographic data to reconstruct the spatiotemporal evolution of an ancient lineage, for which the extant diversity is only a remnant of past radiations. It also shows the difficulties of inferring patterns of lineage diversification when incomplete taxon sampling is combined with high extinction rates.1 aAntonelli, Alexandre1 aSanmartín, Isabel  uhttp://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/60/5/596.abstract02479nas a2200157   4500008004100000245010200041210006900143300001400212490000700226520195800233100001702191700002502208700002202233700001902255856004702274       2011                        eng d00aRevisiting taxonomy, morphological evolution, and fossil calibration strategies in Chloranthaceae0 aRevisiting taxonomy morphological evolution and fossil calibrati  a315–3290 v493 aChloranthaceae is one of the earliest diverging angiosperm families and is comprised of approximately 75 species in four genera (Chloranthus, Sarcandra, Ascarina, and Hedyosmum). This family has received considerable attention because of its seemingly primitive morphology, disjunct tropical distribution in Asia and America, and extensive fossil record from the Early Cretaceous. In the present study, we reconstructed the phylogeny of Chloranthaceae based on a combined dataset of three plastid DNA regions and 56 species. We then estimated divergence times in the family using two relaxed molecular clock methods (BEAST and penalized likelihood). We focused on testing the influence of fossil taxa in calibrating the molecular phylogeny, and on assessing the current taxonomy of the family in light of the phylogenetic results. Our results indicate that most intrageneric divisions within Ascarina and Hedyosmum are not monophyletic. The results from the dating analysis suggest that the Hedyosmum-like fossil Asteropollis represents a stem lineage of Hedyosmum, as has been suggested previously from morphological analyses. In contrast, our results indicate that the Chloranthus-like fossil Chloranthistemon, previously suggested on morphological grounds to be a stem relative of Chloranthus, may, instead, belong to the branch leading to the clade Chloranthus+Sarcandra. The median crown ages of Chloranthus, Sarcandra, Ascarina, and Hedyosmum estimated in the BEAST analysis were 26.3, 9.5, 31.0 and 45.8 million years ago (Ma), respectively, whereas the divergence between Chloranthus and Sarcandra, the splitting of Ascarina with the former two genera, and Hedyosmum separating from the three genera were estimated to 63.8, 95.7 and 111.1 Ma. The present study sheds further light on the temporal evolution of Chloranthaceae and exemplifies how molecular dating analyses may be used to explore alternative phylogenetic placements of fossil taxa.1 aZhang, Qiang1 aAntonelli, Alexandre1 aFeild, Taylor, S.1 aKong, Hong-Zhi  uhttp://www.jse.ac.cn/Abstract.aspx?id=282700879nas a2200325   4500008004100000245003900041210003900080260002100119300001200140490000800152100001400160700002300174700001600197700002100213700001300234700001500247700001900262700002500281700002100306700002300327700001800350700001300368700001800381700002100399700001700420700001600437700001800453700002500471856005700496       2011                        eng d00aOrigins of Biodiversity–Response0 aOrigins of Biodiversity–Response  cJanuary 28, 2011  a399-4000 v3311 aHoorn, C.1 aWesselingh, F., P.1 aSteege, Ter1 aBermudez, M., A.1 aMora, A.1 aSevink, J.1 aSanmartín, I.1 aSanchez-Meseguer, A.1 aAnderson, C., L.1 aFigueiredo, J., P.1 aJaramillo, C.1 aRiff, D.1 aNegri, F., R.1 aHooghiemstra, H.1 aLundberg, J.1 aStadler, T.1 aSärkinen, T.1 aAntonelli, Alexandre  uhttp://www.sciencemag.org/content/331/6016/399.short03145nas a2200301   4500008004100000020001400041245012700055210006900182260002900251300001200280490000700292520222800299653001102527653001602538653001702554653002002571653002802591653002102619653001502640653001502655653001302670653001502683100002202698700002502720700002602745700001702771856005502788       2011                        eng d  a1365-269900aVicariance or long-distance dispersal: historical biogeography of the pantropical subfamily Chrysophylloideae (Sapotaceae)0 aVicariance or longdistance dispersal historical biogeography of   bBlackwell Publishing Ltd  a177-1900 v383 aAbstract Aim  Continental disjunctions in pantropical taxa have been explained by vicariance or long-distance dispersal. The relative importance of these explanations in shaping current distributions may vary, depending on historical backgrounds or biological characteristics of particular taxa. We aimed to determine the geographical origin of the pantropical subfamily Chrysophylloideae (Sapotaceae) and the roles vicariance and dispersal have played in shaping its modern distribution. Location  Tropical areas of Africa, Australasia and South America. Methods  We utilized a recently published, comprehensive data set including 66 species and nine molecular markers. Bayesian phylogenetic trees were generated and dated using five fossils and the penalized likelihood approach. Distributional ranges of nodes were estimated using maximum likelihood and parsimony analyses. In both biogeographical and molecular dating analyses, phylogenetic and branch length uncertainty was taken into account by averaging the results over 2000 trees extracted from the Bayesian stationary sample. Results  Our results indicate that the earliest diversification of Chrysophylloideae was in the Campanian of Africa c. 73–83 Ma. A narrow time interval for colonization from Africa to the Neotropics (one to three dispersals) and Australasia (a single migration) indicates a relatively rapid radiation of this subfamily in the latest Cretaceous to the earliest Palaeocene (c. 62–72 Ma). A single dispersal event from the Neotropics back to Africa during the Neogene was inferred. Long-distance dispersal between Australia and New Caledonia occurred at least four times, and between Africa and Madagascar on multiple occasions. Main conclusions  Long-distance dispersal has been the dominant mechanism for range expansion in the subfamily Chrysophylloideae. Vicariance could explain South American–Australian disjunction via Antarctica, but not the exchanges between Africa and South America and between New Caledonia and Australia, or the presence of the subfamily in Madagascar. We find low support for the hypothesis that the North Atlantic land bridge facilitated range expansions at the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary.10aAfrica10aAustralasia10aland bridges10aLate Cretaceous10along-distance dispersal10amolecular dating10aNeotropics10aSapotaceae10aTertiary10avicariance1 aBartish, Igor, V.1 aAntonelli, Alexandre1 aRichardson, James, E.1 aSwenson, Ulf  uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02389.x